Cardiology

• Keywords:: Step 3, Medicine

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Anatomy

• Epidemiology and Risk Factors
• Diagnostic Testing in Cardiology
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Heart Failure
• Arrhythmias
• Valvular Heart Disease
• Myocardial Disease
• Pericardial Disease
• Adult Congenital Heart Disease
• Diseases of the Aorta
• Peripheral Artery Disease
• Cardiovascular Disease in Cancer Survivors
• Pregnancy and Cardiovascular Disease

Mitral Regurgitation

• Keywords:: Step 3, Medicine, Cardiology, Valvular Diseases

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Mitral Regurgitation

Pathogenesis

Mitral regurgitation, also known as mitral insufficiency, refers to the retrograde flow of blood through the mitral valve from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole due to anomalies of the mitral valve or the papillary muscles.

Myocardial infarction involving supply to the papillary muscles can cause

mechanical heart valve anticoagulation

• related: Valvular Diseases, Cardiology

The risk of systemic thromboembolism (eg, stroke) is approximately 4% per patient per year in those with mechanical prosthetic valves with no anticoagulation, compared to about 2% in patients treated with aspirin, and <1% in patients treated with warfarin. Patients with mechanical mitral valves have twice the ri

carcinoid syndrome

• related: Endocrine, Valvular Diseases
• tags: #endocrine

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Carcinoids are generally slow-growing neuroendocrine tumors found most commonly in the distal small intestine, proximal colon, and lung.  Tumors can secrete up to 40 products (eg, serotonin, histamine, vasoactive intestinal peptide) that are usually metabolized by the liver and cause minimal symptoms in many patients.  Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors most commonly ==metastasize to